Julius+Cloos

=Evolution 4= Evolution is a theory, which means that we have a little bit of Evidence but part of it is made up. Humantoc Evolution began more then 4 million years ago, with the Australopithecus Anamensis Species. This Species belonged to the Australophitecines, which ment that these are the first ones to START acting like we do. (Actually, there was also sahelanthropus tchadensis approx. 6 million years ago but maybe there were ones even longer ago, and they didn't act like us). They're even checking if our direct human ancestor is a Orrorin tugenensis, which lived approx. 6 to 5.8 mya. If the theory of O. tugenensis should prove, Australopithecus is not more then a unimportant, sidebranch of Human Evolution. There is no official start of Human Evolution. I believe the theory about the Aferensis, but I don't really believe everything in the Habilis Theory is true (actually, I don't believe any part of this theory is completly true). All in all, I must say that the theory of Evolution is believable. Read this Essay to find a understandable and extremly informative guide through the Theory of Human Evolution (or Anthropogeny).

Australopithecus
They lived 2.1 to 1.6 million years ago, but this is, like everything, based on the little bit of Evidence we have. The life of an Aferensis (The Australopithecus-subspecies I am going to write about) was dangerous. They lived in East Africa where staying alive was a huge challenge. No, they didn't care about passing any exams like we have to, but they had to worry about a "simple" thing: Staying alive. Physically, A. Aferensis was bipedal, which means that they could walk on two legs. But fossil finds show that aferensis were not the first species to have this capability. The advantage of walking on two legs was that they could see better. But seeing better meant being seen better, which caused that several members of this species were killed, no matter of by a bird or a different kind of enemy. They had smaller teeth compared to their ancestors, but are still bigger then ours, homo sapiens sapiens. Also, modern apes, such as chimpanzees,

have approx. the same toes and fingers that Aferensis had. Lucy, a nickname for Australopithecus Aferensis, had an apelike face and a relatively small brain. Although it is difficult to research the Social behavior of extinct species we only have fossils for, Scientists believe that the social behavior of A. Aferensis was similar to our modern apes. We don't know much about their Intelligence but we do know is that their brain was about 350 cc big, which is kind of the same size as today's chimpanzee. In conclusion, I say that the most significant change was that could constantly walk upright. They share some significant Characteristics with the more advanced homo sapiens. For me, A. Aferensis is the first Step towards our Physical Appearance, Intelligence and Behavior.

Homo Habilis
== Homo Habilis means handy man. They lived approx. 1.9 to 1.7 years ago to present. They lived at the beginning of the Pleistone age, which was more then 1 million years ago. They had less animals to hunt, which meant that they ate plants. Physically, Homo Habilis had the largest brain size compared to early hominids (dadadadadaa). Many other things were the same as the earlier creatures in Human Evolution. The bodyparts were similar to the ones of the Australopithecines. Females were about 110 cm tall and males were approx. 20 cm taller. They had a small mouth. They are one of the first hominids that made tools. Socially, many experts believe that their Intelligence and Social behavior was much better then it was with Australopithecus subspecies or chimpanzees. They made tools which helped them to be better suited for their environment. In conclusion, I would say that the most significant change was that they made tools. They had ape-like characteristics, that helped them to survive.

Homo Erectus
 They were probably the first hominids to live in small groups. H. Erectus lived 1.8 - 1.3 million years ago. Their lifetime was during the ice-age, which set their live expectancy lower. Individuals managed to go into the 40s, but this was unusual. H. Erectus always had to move with its prey, in order to get food. Physically, They were strong if you compare them to earlier species in Human Evolution. The lower part of their mouth (lower jaw) had a slight V-Shape, if you would compare it to H. sapiens, The one we evolve from. Socially, Homo Erectus was able to even live in a small family, that hunted and gathered together. Like I already said, H. Erectus was living in small families, which was a significant Characteristic thing. Scientists Estimate that they were not bigger then 1.6 m, which also was significant. We know so much about them because they buried their dead bodies.

Homo Sapiens (Neanderthalensis)
They also lived during the ice age, approx. 250.000 years ago. They also had to go where their prey went. In theory, There was a meeting more then 40.000 years ago, where H. Erectus and H. Sapiens killed a bison together. Neanderthalensis lived in Europe. H. Sapiens is our previous ancestor so it is natural that we share some significant characteristics with them. The significant change was that they were smarter then the older species such as H. Erectus, H. heidelbergensis, A. Aferensis and many other species. In my opinion, Homo Sapiens had about the same Intelligence as we have today. I think this way because I can imagine the scenario: a homo sapiens is in danger. About 15 minutes ago, a group member saw a bison, that was perfect to hunt. Straight after that, they sent out a part of the group to kill the bison. But they fail: The Bison gets them, and only a good throw with a speer onto the bison's neck can rescue them. If they wouldn't have had the intelligence to know exactly where to throw, the sapiens would be dead, and if this would have happened to often, they would have been extinct, before we could have evolved from them.

Here is a quote from Wikipedia:
" **eanderthal anatomy** was more robust and cold adapted than modern humans. [|Neanderthals] were generally only 12–14 cm (5–6 in) shorter than 21st century humans, contrary to a common view of them as "very short" or "just over 5 feet". Based on 45 long bones from (at most) 14 males and 7 females, Neanderthal males averaged 164–168 cm (65–66 in) and females 152–156 cm (60–61 in) tall. Considering the body build of Neanderthals, new body weight estimates show they are only slightly above the weight/cm or the [|body mass index] of modern Americans or Canadians.[|[1]]

Neanderthals had more [|robust] build and distinctive [|morphological] features, especially of the[|cranium], which gradually accumulated more derived aspects, particularly in certain relatively isolated geographic regions. Evidence suggests they were much stronger than modern humans;[|[2]] their relatively robust stature is thought to be an adaptation to the cold climate of Europe during the[|Pleistocene] epoch." Direct Quote from: []

Homo Sapiens Sapiens
 Homo Sapien Sapien is what we are. We existst scince 40,000 Years. Homo Sapien Sapien is the most intelligent creature on Planet earth. Physically, we are not as hairy as homo sapiens but we still have some hairs. We have a large brain, although different people have different intelligence. Socially, we live in a society with many people, and we have families too. Our enviroment is very different, for example some people live in the dessert, others live in the rainforest. At the moment, it seams like our planet is getting warmer, which is another point where our intelligence failed us a little bit. But our skills allowed us many things: Problem solving (Imagine today's Politicians without the skill of problem solving...) WE can make tools that help us in everyday life before actually needing it. WE have a brain that can think logically enough to organize thinks and have a proper order of things to do. These, and many different things allow us to be like and how we act today. However, Scientists found out that humans can only use about 10% of their brain. This has a positive side (For example, weapon builders can't use 100% of their brain) and a negative side (We would not have to go to school because we have all the intelligence right after our birth). In conclusion, I say that this version of Humanity is by far the most intelligent species on our planet.

=Conclusion= All in all, the theory of Evolution is believable, but some more evidence needs to be found. There was a lot till we finally came out. The most significant change in Homo Habilis was that they made tools and they lived 1.9 - 1.7 Million years ago, but Homo Erectus was able to live in a small group of hunters and gatherers and they lived just 1.8 - 1.3 million years ago, which was a huge step towards society. Homo sapien lived 250.000 years ago had the capability to invent better tools, and we, homo sapiens sapiens are by far the most intelligent species in the world. Our stage of evolution allowed us to build cities, form civilizations and make inventions that will change our lives forever. Like I already said, we have a brain that can think logically and NOT just about food. I believe that we are the final stage on the Human Evolution. The Evolution of Hominids was the process that started long ago that made us look different then any ape although our genetics are 99% equal to the DNA of a chimpanzee. To my mind, I think that Evolution has happened, but we need some more evidence in order to complete this theory. And who knows? How will Human Evolution continue? How will we look like in 1,000.000 Years? Will we be little Avatars? Will we be monkeys again? These, and many other questions, Scientists are trying to find an answer for.

For the other parts of this video, please check the YouTube-website.
=Bibliography=

Works Cited

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//Homo Erectus social//. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2010. .//

Homo Erectus “Upright Man.” //N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Dec. 2010. .//

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//Understanding Genetics: Human Health and Genome//. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2010. [].// =Picture Credits= Introduction Parragraph: Human Evolution [] sahelanthropus tchadensis [] Orrorin tugenensis [] Aferensis Paragraph [|http/hominid.renecanales.com/Hominids/Australopithecus%20Afarensis.jpg] Homo Habilis [|ttp://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTu7j0L8TLU6HT9R5RFM7qvsKCZ1J1jv1ZhGjeSB0CnaB9Zbntn] Homo Erectus [|ttp://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRV9Gl8KFnhdcNW45AxtEZBv8wjP9bAUZ6EKCxcuykxvO8Q1h3f] Homo Sapiens [|ttp://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS2Y2gjugaKBZJ4Fhw1LtI1QRSxwYbZQnsJKkfpnhpeKo2SU_Cq] Homo Sapiens Sapiens [|ttp://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSHPDlqpn_8so40kw90_g0L1CfgtS5xUFBwSGZUFkxvmEzs1Reh] =My Notecards= This Essay includes the theory of Evolution on the point where it was in January 2011.