Elise+Hallows

﻿ Pre-History the Theories of Human Evolution 6
Main Idea

__//**According to the theories of human evolution, many changes in humanity have enabled us to make progress. Towards society.... **//__ =﻿ = =Introduction = The theories of evolution. What does this mean? What does our main idea mean? What makes us different from others in the animal kingdom?Who are our ancestors? These are some of the questions I will be trying to answer while you read this piece of work. There has been many changes in humanity which has helped to get to who we are today. Our brain has evolved and has become better and bigger. We have great inventions like the car,computers.. etc. The ancestors you will find out about are: > > > > > >
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Human_evolution_scheme.svg/606px-Human_evolution_scheme.svg.png width="606" height="216" caption="Datei:Human evolution scheme.svg"]] ||
 * This is what the changes looked like. Look at the difference in the pictures. ||
 * Australopithecus toc
 * Homo-Habilis
 * Homo-Erectus
 * Homo-Sapiens
 * Homo-Sapiens Sapiens (otherwise know as modern man.)

Firstly I would to explain that most of my work are theories, all of this could possibly be true and are believed to be true at the time. Keeping this in mind humanity is only a theory. I personally think that, this research is quite unbelievable The word "Theory" means to have an idea or thought about something, it is not all necessarily true, but is thought to be, by scientist. I really do hope that this will help you, while reading try and keep some questions in your mind. Yet again I would just like to say that many changes have made us bigger, faster, taller, stronger and more important.

=Australopithecus =
 * Name: || Australopithecus ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lived: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Around 4.2 to 2 million years ago ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Where: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">In Africa ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Lucy

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">One of the most known hominids is a fossil called Lucy, she was found on the 30th of November 1974, by Donald Johnson, in Hadar. Scientist are still studying her today. Donald named the fossil Lucy because of the song by the beatless 'Lucy in the sky with diamonds'. As soon as Donald saw the fossil he knew it was a hominid. The whole group of archeologists looked down the slope and noticed more bone fragments: thighbones, a part of the jaw bone, ribs, vertebrae ect. In the end they uncovered 47 bones of the skeleton, that's nearly 40% of the hominid/humanlike creature. Look at Lucy's face. What makes her different from people now? What questions are you asking yourself? Your questions will hopfully be answered soon. <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Chimp-sized brain

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">One of the most amazing things about Lucy's character was that she look a lot like a human. She had a small head with regular sized teeth, and a rather scary bone structure on the knee.In the time of 1950-1970 people thought that the improvement of the brain was the reason for evaluation(they thought this is what made apes evolution)."Before Lucy, a fossil called '1470', with a brain capacity of about 800 cubic centimetres had been discovered, an ape with a bigger brain, and if the 'big brain' theory was correct, then all humans should have evolved from 1470"It turned out that Lucy was really older than '1470' and yet Lucy could walk up right."i.e. she had developed a human characteristic without a large brain, which destroyed the 'big brain' theory. Lucy's brain was only around 400 cc."

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Just to let you Know

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">It is very hard to find out a lot about Australopithecus, because they lived so long ago. If you look at there bones you can only find out a certain amount of things for sure the rest is not really true. Say for example you can't find out about they way they really acted if the scientist (you) was not there.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">How Did They Act?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Well, it is believed to be that Australopithecus acted no different than us humans today. They would gather and hunt food, sleep, and most of the time be friendly and helpful to one another. They stayed together and worked/lived in small tribes, just like our families today. Australopithecus could stand up like man, they found they could run faster and see further, this made it easier to hunt and find pray. Being able to stand up is an advantage in many ways for hominids back then and it is still the same now, when we stand up we are a lot tall and thinner than most animals and our balance in better too.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">So What did Australopithecus Look like?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">They had lots of characteristics like female were smaller than males, they had body like us but a lot more. Australopithecus were small than there future hominid followers, when they stood up they had an arched back, like a hunch-back. As our time-line goes on we become more upright. They were more like apes or gorillas in height, weight and looks.Some of there characteristics shows more than others, they stand out more for example there nose.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">What Did they Eat?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Australopithecus can eat many things such as:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">plants - Any plants that were edible
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">meat - It was normally left over meat, they never really managed to kill/eat a whole animal.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Nuts and berries - They ate nuts and berries from near by trees.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">For Australopithecus to have a good diet, they could not only live on fruit, nuts and berries. They needed to eat meat to have a good chance of living a good live, and through winter.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Their Tools

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Well, they used many tools, they would have used things they found things lying around like, Sticks, Rocks, Grass, Plants ect... Really easy, simple things like that. If you think about it, you can do lots of things with those objects.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">If you want an activity, you could do is, you have 1 minute and you have to think of as many ways of using the following: <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Here is a chart of what you will find out once you are finished:
 * 1) <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Sticks
 * 2) <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Rocks
 * 3) <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Grass
 * 4) <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Plants and Berries.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">1 - 4 ideas you are an Australopithecus
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">5 - 6 you are a Homo-Sapien
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">6 or more you are a Homo - Sapien - Sapien

=**<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo-Habilis **=


 * Name: || Homo-Habilis ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lived: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1.9 to 1.6 million years ago ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Where: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">In Africa ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">What did they look like?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Homo-Habilis was not that much different in looks compared to the Australopithecus. They had less hair and there teeth were slightly smoother, and small than at the beginning of human evolution.The Male Homo-Habilis were estimated to be around 1.31 meters in height, and in weight 37 kg. While as the females would be about 1.00 meters high and would weigh 32 kg. The limbs on a Homo - Habilis were not very different, they were quiet ape-like, you could still really relate them to being more like an ape than a human. This is because their arms and legs were longer than people now. The Homo - Habilis walked up-right with their shoulders a little curved. There brain is only 47% of the avenge humans.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">How Did they Act?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Homo - Habilis worked/lived in small groups, not families like Australopithecus. They worked together in small teams, really a bit like a class. In a school there is lots of people that work their, and your class is the GROUP. Well, let's say your class is the GROUP of Homo - Habilis, Homo - Habilis would help each other find things like food. In you class you wouldn't really help each other to find food, but you would help each other find things like pens, eraser ect. Basically they learnt how to work as a team, and to make very good friends out-side of the family.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Their Tools

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo-Habilis made tools from old random rocks they found lying around. To make the hand-axe they needed more than just one stone, they need multiple. There is some evidence that apparently they might have used easier/simpler tools with different materials, not only rock. A sharp tool could be made quite easily just by slicing off one flake. The real use for the Stone age tools were for it was a lot more helpful to skin an animal and get the good meat. But, to be able to use this tool it requires someone how is strong enough and the right height to use it, other wise you would be having to look for a stone the right size for you. Homo-Habilis did not have the ability to make/control fire, they would find it in natural causes and use it to keep them warm. If they did find any fire, they would make a small camp-site out of it. This camp-site had to be carefully watched because if the fire went out, they did not know how to start it again.



<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">What Did they Eat?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo-Habilis would eat a diet of the following:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Wild berries - they wouldn't/couldn't just live on berries.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Meat - that was left over from other animals.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Small baby birds and eggs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Nuts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">And on the rare a cation plants and roots that were edible

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo-Erectus =


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Name: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo-Erectus ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lived: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1.9 million years ago ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Where: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">In Africa, Asia and Europe ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">What did they look like? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The bottom of the jaw of the Homo Erectus is slightly different compared to the Homo sapiens, the bottom jaw was wider and more 'V' shaped. Homo Erectus grow up to 1.60 meters. I fully grown Erectus is around 1.45, compared to now, we are 1.80. And still the Homo - Erectus had longer arms and legs than us humans today.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">How did they act? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Some people believe that Homo-Erectus are just a slightly different species compared to us, a bit like a sub-species. They believe that Homo-Erectus were around today there would be a whole new species of humans.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">A bit about ... Homo-Erectus

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo - Erectus are the the third stage of human Evolution. The name Homo - Erectus means "up right man" meaning that the could stand up a lot better than before. They were one of the first to use and control fire well. Since they could use fire they cooked there meat and they used it to keep them warm. They would eat:


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">berries
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">birds
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">eggs
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">leaves
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">roots
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">insects

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">They found out that they could use fire as a tool to scare of other animals and hunt them. They would hunt together in teams because it was a lot easier and you were less lightly to get killed. As well if you were alone you wouldn't find food.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Their Intelligence

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">There intelligence was a lot better than before in fact they were 30% less than the average human. As well Homo-Erectus used more complicated tools that Homo-Habilis.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">There culture

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Homo-Erectus lived in something called the stone age. That is where the earliest of stone tools were found. Us Hominids could not use fire properly until around 790,000 years ago


 * [[image:http://sonnennews.de/wp-content/uploads/2007/12/homo-erectus.jpg]] ||
 * Homo - Erectus using fire ||

=<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo - Sapiens (Neanderthal) =


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Name: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo - Sapiens ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Where: || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">In Africa, Asia and Europe ||

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">What did they look like?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">They were well dressed for the cold weather, they were big and chunky, massive in hight. The males are around 5'6" tall but they were very much heavier and stronger that modern man and for some reson they had no chin. The Neanderthal have large cheeks normally they are helpful for the freezing cold weather. Neanderthal walked just like people now a days.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">This website will tell you alot more about Neanderthal <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">What did they act like?

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Well to make this a bit easier for you and me here is a website which will tell you everything about their tools and a little bit about how they acted. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">[]

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Here it is in words so maybe you'll understand it better, this is what they said:


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Vingjia, Croatia **

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">"If you want to un-cover ancient DIA, hopefully you'll find a sight where there's limited ability for oxygen and moisture to get into the bone and further decompose it. And great extremes of temperature wont be a curing."

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">"In 1980, creation archaeologist activated Vingjia cave, and found a mass of bones. Among them an unremarkable fragment known as the 80. For some reason this bone is packed with DNA. It contains more usable DNA that any other Neanderthal bone thats ever been tested."

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">"The quite extraordinarily, rich content of DNA in this bone, tell us that there was some sort of special condition in this cave what was, what was critic of preservation in this bone."

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">"Perhaps the temperature was right, the humidity, the soil. But other bones in the Vingjia cave have not healed in as much DNA. There's something special about the 80, its fragmented shape maybe a clue."

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">"It's widely believed that Neanderthals in this part of Europe practiced cannibalism wither for food or for ritual ether splitting bones or de-fleshing them. If the 80 was cannibalized it might help explain why it's DNA was so well preserved. Striped of any organic material the bone would not have attracted the same interest from animals, insects or microbes. And it's DNA wouldn't have deteriorated so quickly."

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">"There are hundreds and hundreds of Neanderthal bones, many of them have been tested for Neanderthal DNA, only this bone could unlock the secrets of Neanderthal genome." <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">﻿find out more about it on the website link above.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Their Tools

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Neanderthals were very specialized in cutting, and scrapping tools by hitting and chipping the edge of the rock. They very slowly learnt that they could mix different tools together to make one. They found out how to use different tools for different things. They could use fire and hunt for animals, for food. They noticed they other animals were scared of fire and they could use it against them. They used most objects for hunting wildlife.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Their Diet

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">They ate food like:
 * Plants
 * roots
 * berries
 * wild animals/meat- things like deer
 * Fish - that was if they lived near a coast

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Homo - Sapein - Sapei﻿ns

Homo-S.-Sapiens are who we are to day. All you have to do is look around you to find out about US. We have a rather large population, which is estimated to be around 6.89 billion. Imagen that, 6.89 billion of us. (That's a lot) We all have different languages, such as English, German, French, Spanish and so on. We can communication well, we can understand each other, and their feelings. We all try to be socialized most of the time, but we still get in fights, and yet it was the same in the past with our ancestors.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> What did we look like? **

All you have to do is look on the T.V, in picture books, at photo of you and old friends, or even you to you room and look in the mirror! Now a days we all look, more different to each other than ever in size, shape, faecal features, hair ect. We don't not have as much hair as <span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; line-height: normal;">Australopithecus, and we look very different from them, we have a pointed chin, and are reasonably taller than Homo-Habilis. In some was we are the same, we stand on our hind legs for a start, and our children learn to talk, they don't know right away. Lot's of things have brought us to who we are today. Our height averages at around <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">1.5 metres to 1.8 metres. Did you know that the tallest man is 6.72 feet tall?


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">How did we act? **

Well, we all act differently to each other. Some people are happier than others, some people get angry easily. We each have a different personality, basically. We all have different languages, such as English, German, French, Spanish and so on. We can communication well, we can understand each other, and their feelings. We all try to be socialized most of the time, but we still get in fights, and yet it was the same in the past with our ancestors.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> What tool do we use? **

There are thousands of tools in our world. We have school working tools, fire, stone, and all the wild things that we have invented. Think about it our you using a tool right now to read this? Your answer to your question would be "Yes" the computer is a tool. Anything/ everything in our world is a tool. CRAZY RIGHT but true. One day you could maybe count how many tools you use in one day. See how many you can get!


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> Our intelligence **

Now think about what you read before... we already know about fire, stone, computer ect. We are very creative and imaginative in what we use. There is a lot more we need to learn about us, and so do you really need me to tell you how cleaver we are. I is a huge change than from the beginning our brain size is <span style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">1300 cm **3** to 1500 cm <span style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 18px;"> **3 .**


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">﻿Our Diet **

<span style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 18px; white-space: nowrap;">We eat lots of food, thing like meat, plants, vegetables, fruit, carbohydrates, as well as junk food. Today in my opinion we would eat anything that was possible to eat.



( This is a map shows where most of the hominids have been found )

<span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">My Conclusion

In conclusion, I hope you see how the changes and steps go through. We started of as an Australopithecus and gradually carried on through live to become who we are today. We have become bigger, better, faster and stronger, our brain and intelligence has broadened. Through-out the life of our ancestors we have made a lot of progress in our learning. If it was not from them, we would not con't be who we were today, we would be saying, "What is this?" (fire) "How do you use it? This is amazing!!!" This information about Evolution is very important to understand, and although we look the alike now, many people (a long time from now) in the future will think of us as their great, great, great, great, great ect. ancestors. And will probably think we look completely weird, to us we might look normal, and yes we are at the now.... but might not be later. No one knows that there will be another version of us in the future or not. What do you think? Will we evolve? Or stay exactly the same for years to come?

One thing I would like to mension is that when I search on human evolution in a book it normally explain in some way that they relied on the own instincts to hunt and survive. If we were to look at us now, can you say the same? (no) Now a days we always rely on machines and technology to do all the work for us. We have guns, back then they had to hunt PROPERLY without guns. Now just think about this, are we letting ourselves down? Should we live like we are? In some occasions we are destroying the earth and our environment. Is this helping us?

While I have been researching, I have thought about how interesting this is for me. I once thought, I have done everything I could possibly do, then I realized I missed a huge step. Homo-S.S (US). We are just as important as our ancestors, remember that, but if we keep on improving ourselves and being scientists we could be much more. We could even find the solution to US. I hope all this information is very helpful to you, and you should have learnt a lot. As well I hope you carry on your re-search, and look well into the subject..... __**HUMAN EVOLUTION!**__

__**Re Main Idea**__


 * //__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 150%;">According to the theories of human evolution, many changes in humanity have enabled us to make progress. Towards society.... __//**

__//**I would like to thank.....**//__

All the classmates that have helped me out in improving my Essay. Those people are.... As well I would like to say thank you to Mr.Bentley for helping everyone and I out.
 * Ellen
 * Thomas
 * Ori
 * Emma
 * Constanza
 * Kaylee
 * Yoobin
 * Jenny


 * //__ SO THANK YOU EVERYONE!!! __//**



This is my bibliography if you want to find out the research I did the click below.....