Constanza

toc =__**Theory of Evolution 5**__=

**__Introduction__**

 * __//According to the theory of evolution, many changes in humanity have enabled us to make progress.//__**

I do believe in theory of evolution because of the evidence. For example, modern African apes are closely related to us, fossil apes have been found with human characteristics. Apes and men therefore have a common, tree-dwelling ancestor. Over the time, man changed from chimpanzee to human. Modern men started from the **Australopithecines** and continue to evolve into:
 * 1) **Homo Habilis**
 * 2) **Homo Erectus**
 * 3) **Homo Sapiens**
 * 4) **Homo Sapiens Sapiens**



What this whole essay is about is how was our life before we ruled the Earth, BEFORE WE STARTED TO **DESTROY** IT! This essay is about how the hominids use to live and how we discovered things that we need today, is about the **amaizing** different things we learned and how **increadibly** they can deal with big problems until they get a solution.

But first I'm going to tell you about the people that helped the theory of evolution and how.

People that helped the theory of evolution
I'm going to write about three of the most important people that helped the theory of evolution.
 * **Donald Johanson**
 * **Charles Darwin**
 * **Raymond Dart**

Donald Johanson
Donald Johanson is the world's best known paleoanthropologist, which means that he studied the ancient human looking at evidence such as footprints and bones. Johanson's most praised find was 1974 at Hadar. His find was a 1.8 million-year-old skeleton of a Homo Habilis and a 3.5 million-year-old skeleton of Lucy, a nearly complete fossil of a female Australopithecus Afarensis.

Donald Johanson's discovery, Lucy.

Raymond Dart
A professorship of Anatomy opened at the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, Africa, and Elliot Smith influenced Dart to go for the position. Raymond Dart was given the position, and he had to move to South Africa in 1922. He went on to become a brilliant physical anthropologist and paleontologist.

In 1924, Dart found something that made him famous. He offered a reward to his students that made the most interesting finds. First, he found some skull bones, which seemed like another primate skull. Then, Dart noticed how close to human it looked like. His curiosity led him in 73 days of tiring work, digging and chipping. At the end, all his work got a effective result. Raymond Dart found a hominid child of only 3 years old when he died and he named it Australopithecus Africanus.



Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin is a naturalist who developed the theory of natural selection. He wrote all about the theory of natural selection in his book "The origin of Species". The theory of natural selection explains that the organisms (animals, plants, etc.) that could adapt to the place where they lived will survive, the others that couldn't adapt, died.

How are we different from primates
Primates and human bones are quite similar but if you look at a picture of a primate and a one of a human you can easily point out at least a dozen. If you look at the pictures you can prove it.

Here are some differences:
 * Primate has hairy body, human has hair only on the head and on the armpit.**
 * Primate's ears are bigger than ours.**
 * Some primates are smaller than us.**
 * Primates got bigger mouth than ours.**
 * Primates got large and strong arms because of climbing, ours legs are stronger than our arms because we walk and run upright.**

Hominids
Hominids are all the relatives closer to humans than to chimpanzees. As I wrote before, we're going through all the different species of hominids.

Australopithecus
Australopithecus is a kind of hominid that now is extinct. Because the evidence, anthropologists and paleontologists discovered that they evolved in the east of Africa around 4 million before spreading to **A. anamensis, A. afarensis, A. sediba, A. africanus, A. robustus and A. boisei** that are members of the same kind of hominid.



Australopithecus is very ape-like and had primitive features. They walked in two feet, their tooth rows were parallel and their got large canines. Males were about twice bigger than females, their brains were 35% of the size that a modern human have and standing they were about 1.2m to 1.4m tall. They lived in small groups and used caves for shelter in south Africa. They were hunted rather than hunters, they could only eat plants and small animals they could hunt. Sometimes they also ate leftovers of predators and use the bones that they found in the leftovers for digging termites. They were spread in Eastern and Northern Africa around 3.5 million years ago. The climate changed around 11 or 12 million years ago and caused the forest to change in East and Central Africa so there were openings between the trees and making spaces between the tree canopy, and they discovered that it was much easier to walk instead of climbing the trees.
 * Physical**
 * Behavior**
 * Environment**

Homo Habilis
Homo Habilis is another kind of hominid called //homo// that lived from approximately 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago in Tanzania, East Africa. Homo habilis had large brains, but a short body and long ape-like arms like australopithecus. They had molars more large than wide. They got larger cranial capacity that was very problematic. But they were distinguished from earlier hominids because their short teeth and large brain. They hunted animals with hooves and their diet was very balanced. Homo Habilis ate meat that they scarv ed from the dead body of the animal but scarving from under the noses of predators like lions was a risky business. Both species, Homo Habilis and Australopithecus Boisei, lived in Africa at the same time but they weren't competitors because they lived in different ecological niches.
 * Physical**
 * Behavior**
 * Environment**

Homo Erectus
Homo Erectus originated in Africa and spread to China and Java. It's another kind of hominid that lived about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. Homo Erectus had a brain larger then Homo Habilis, but generally smaller than Homo Sapiens. The biggest size that a Homo Erectus brain could be was Homo Sapiens brain size, but were different in shape. Homo Erectus had a large eyebrow ridge that extended past its eyes.Homo Erectus profile was closer to Homo Sapiens profile.The nose of Homo Erectus is similar to the modern human. Its nostrils pointed downwards, this could help them to breathe warm and dry air.Homo erectus was taller than Homo Habilis. it was the same size as human being alive today.Homo Erectus limbs were also similar to Homo Sapiens. Its arms were shorter then Homo Habilis arms. Females were taller. Inearlier hominids, males were twice as large as females. While Homo Habilis was a scavanger getting meat from behind the dead animal noses, Homo Erectus was cooperative hunter. It remains that they hunted large groups of animals such as antelopes and baboons. The social life of Homo Erectus was similar to human hunter-gathers. Homo Erectus might lived in small groups. In Africa the climate was changing dramatically. Lakes were getting smaller and rivers were drying up. Grasslands and Savannahs were replaced by forests and woodlands. Most Scientists think that Homo Erectus emigrated from Africa one million years ago.
 * Physical**
 * Behavior **
 * Environment **

Homo Sapiens
Homo Sapiens lived 500,000 years ago. Homo Sapiens had a small head and tucked under a high, a brain case. They had small eyebrow ridge and they were less strong than the other hominids. The first Homo Sapiens lived in small groups that moved from place to another. They exchanged woods and gifts they find. This things was probably developed so, when things are hard, they can do future favours. Homo Sapiens could live in all continents because they could adapt to all kinds of climate.
 * Physical**
 * Behavior**
 * Environment**

Homo Sapien Sapiens
Homo Sapien Sapiens is who we are today. We developed in Africa and spread. Homo Sapien Sapiens didn't change a lot from Homo Sapiens. We still have a small head and tucked under a high, a brain case. We still have small eyebrow ridge and we are different from each other. We walk upright and have small arms. We don't have hairy body and the height varies. Our behavior is influenced by culture, attitudes, emotion, values, etc. Some people are common, some unusual, some acceptable, etc. depending on the preson's behavior. The human population is over 6 billion, humans are most numerous mammals. The 61% of them live in Asia, 14% in America and in Africa, 11% in Europe and 0.5% in Oceania. We are completely adaptable to all kinds of climate. 
 * Physical**
 * Behavior**
 * Environment**

Conclusion
 According to the theory of evolution, many changes in humanity have enabled us to make progress. This hominids is where we really come from and all I'm saying is how they were and how every little bit that our brain grew something good happened. Without the people that I wrote of before, basically we'd still wondering: //Is it really that god made us? When did we get that intelligent?.// Most of the people keep asking: //Are we the final version of humanity?// and I wish I had the answer but I think no one has it. I hope that my thought is enough. No, I don't think we are the final version of humanity because we still need to change and we are not smarter than we could be. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">In the future people could say //The Homo sapien sapiens needed to walk instead of fly?// or //Homo Sapien sapiens couldn't breathe under the water?// or maybe we could just go back to Homo sapiens and then Homo habilis again. Maybe Homo habilis thought that they were so intelligent that they couldn't evolve anymore. That's what some people thinks but If changes in humanity have enabled us to make progress, then w <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">e'll keep changing and evolving. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">If we don't evolve and we stay who we are today, **WE'LL COMPLETELY DESTROY THE EARTH!** and I'm serious. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">What I mean is that we're making new machines and progressing a lot on technology but we're also increasing a lot the global warming. If we don't change our minds the only thing that's going to happen is that we're going to destroy our Earth and we already started so, astronauts are looking for some others places to live.

BY: Constanza



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