Emma+Nadalin

The Theories of human Evolution 5
//**According to the Theories of human evolution, any changes in humanity have enabled us to make progress....( towards society)toc **//



The theories of evolution help us by seeing how our ancestors lived, used tools, made achivments, how intelligent they were, and what their social behavior was. As we were finding out these ideas, we had to also had to find out about: -Australopithecus Afarensis -Homo Habilis -Homo Erectus
 * Introduction **

-Homo Sapiens -Homo Sapiens Sapiens/ in other words modren man No body really knows how these hominids really lived, so scientists do as much as they can to find the real secret of the hominids. The word 'Theory' means when someone makes a prediction or idea about something. No body really know if these hominids are really our ancestors, and that is still a mystery. Probably when you are reading this, like me you are going to think that it is pretty amazing to be related to these creatures, when we do not really look like them and act. We sciencetist, are trying to find out if WE are the final version of humanity. I personly think that we are not the final version of humanity because all the time we are discovering new things and we are nearly all different to our grand-parents, and doesent it show evolution?

Australopithecus Afarensis
The Australopithecus afarensis lived between 3.7 and 2.9 million years ago. There was a A. afarensis called Lucy which was found in 1974 by a man called Donald Johnson, in Hadar in the Awash Valley of Afar Depression Ethiopia's.

====Physical ==== The A. afarensis had an apelike face with a low fore-head, a bony ridge over the eyes, a flat nose, and no chin. They had sticking out jaws with large black teeth. Th finger and toe bone were curved and longer than humans, but the hands are simular to humans in other details.

Enviroment
The A. afarensis lived in Africa, in a mixture of woodland and savannah. A. afarensis lived in Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Kenya for sure. There is no evidence of A. afarensis outside of Africa.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">I am not really sure how intelligent they were, but by their brain size I can geuss. The A. afarensis also has a small brain size which is 380-430 cm3. Compared to the modern and extinct great apes A. afarensis has reduced canines and molars, although they are still relatively larger than in modern humans. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">All non-human primates sleep in the trees at night. So, it would seem to be that A. afarensis slept in trees also. Their skeletal structure agrees with their arboreal lifestyle. “The large premolars of A. afarensis suggests they were frugivores, and the thick enamel on the teeth suggests they may have eaten nuts, grains, or hard fruit pies”. Because A. afarensis is a close relative of gorillas and chimps, one would assume that they have similar social patterns, such as sexual selection and group behavior, as they do. For example, female philopatry characterizes most of nonmonogomous, gregarious primate species. A. afarensis probably has these same female-bonded kin groups as primates do. So, A. afarensis, like most primate species, social ties among females would most likely be stronger and more enduring than the bonds among males. It is difficult to reconstruct the social behaviour of extinct fossil species. However, the social structure is likely to be comparable to that of modern apes, given the average difference in body size between males and females. Although there is considerable debate over how large the degree of sexual dimorphism was between males and females of A. afarensis, it is likely that males were relatively larger than females. If observations on the relationship between sexual dimorphism and social group structure from modern great apes are applied to A. afarensis then these creatures most likely lived in small family groups containing a single dominant male and a number of breeding females.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Use of tools
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Most species of Australopithecus were not any more adeptable at tool use than modern non-human primates, yet modern African apes, chimpanzees, and most recently gorillas, have been known to use simple tools for example cracking open nuts with stones and using long sticks to dig for ﻿﻿termites﻿﻿ in mounds, and chimpanzees have been observed using spears (not thrown) for hunting.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo habilis
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The H. habilis lived from approximately 2.3 to 1.4 million years ago at the beginning of the Pleistocene period. The word Homo habilis, in Latin means "handy man" or "well-adapted man", becuase of the tools they used. The discovery and description of this species is credited to both Mary and [|Louis Leakey], who found fossils in [|Tanzania], [|East Africa], between 1962 and 1964. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Physical
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The H. habilis had long arms compared to modren humans and had a less sticking out face than the A. afensis. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-They weighed from 30 to 40 kg. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">-Their height is from 1, 15m to 1, 30m

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Enviroment
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Homo habilis lived in Tanzania, which is in the East side of Africa. They lived in caves and cliffs for sheler.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Intelligent
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">I am not to sure how intelligent but by the brain size i can give a guess. Their brain size is from 600-7oo cm3. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Use of tools
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The word Homo habilis, in Latin means "handy man" or "well-adapted man", becuase of the tools they used. The H. habilis is the oldest speices to be granted the name "homo"(man) becuase it was thought to be the distance ansestor of Homo habilis. The tools hadcrudely chipped stone, nearly, two millon years old, could have been used to scrape off meat or extract bone marrow, but they could also have been used for pounding seeds. Homo habilis was an omnivore, an eater of many types of food, and its vaired diet may have allowed it to travel for longer distances than the more ape-like creatures of its time, which reiled upon more local soures of food. Also, the fact that the simple techology of habilis's tools shows no sign of development suggests that its brain made no great evolutionary progress. Then there was a new tool they discovered.......Fire. Fire keeped them warm, helped them track down animals to eat, and help with other survival things.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo Erectus
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Homo erectus lived from approximately 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. The word Homo erectus, in Latin means "up right man". The discovering of the Homo erectus was made by a dutch anatomist called Eugene Dubois who was fascinated especially by Darwins theory of evolution as applied to man, set out to Asia (the place accepted then, despite Darwin, as the cradle of human evolution), to find a human ancestor in 1886. In 1891, his team discovered a human f

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">ossil on the island of Java, Indonesia.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Physical
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Homo erectus had a simular body height as modern humans. H. erectus had a more strong and healthy skeleton compared to the hominids that lived before it. They could grow up to 1.60 metres, but their normal size would be around 1.45 meters. The H. erectus's bottom jaw is wider and more V-shaped than our jaws today.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Enviroment
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">They lived in a time called the stone age. We scientists have found some fossils in Africa, Asia and Europe.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Intelligent
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Well we scientists dont rea

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">lly know the real answer but we could guess the by the size of their brain, which is 580cc. The homo eretus's brain is bigger than the homo habils's.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Use of tools
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo Erectus was a hominid that used a lot of tools. They could have used oldowan tools, and later started to use Acheulan tools which was firstly used 1.6 million years ago. The Homo Erectus may have been the first of all hominids to have used rafts to travel by ocean. The most significant achievement or change is that they mastered how to use fire to defend themselves a also to hunt. Also the developpment of tools is also very important.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo sapiens
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The Homo sapien is also known as the Neanderthal. The homo sapien lived about 230,000 until 35,000 years ago. The name Homo sapien, in Latin means 'knowing man'. Homo sapien lived and moved across Europe and the Middle East. It is thought that the Homo sapien lived during the last Glacial Age, meaning that they probably were used to the cold that surrounded them all the time. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Physical
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The average male height for Homo sapiens was 1.65 metres high, which for us is small but they were heavier than the average for us. Their noses were larger than the ones we have today. This is because the size of your nose depends on the temperature of where you come from. The larger the nose, the colder the area you live in is. The Homo sapiens had powerful arms and legs, and also powerful teeth and jaws. Although they had large noses and were a bit chunky, they could still walk upright like us.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Enviroment
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The homo sapiens lived and moved across Europe and the Middle East. It is thought that the Homo sapien lived during the last Glacial Age, meaning that they probably were used to the cold that surrounded them all the time. The homo sapiens lived in caves, after they did something special they would draw it on the wall of the cave.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Use of tools
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">homo sapiens were very specialized in cutting, and scrapping tools by hitting and chipping the edge of the rock. They slowly learnt that they could mix different tools together to make one. They found out how to use different tools for different things. They could use fire and hunt for animals, for food. They noticed they other animals were scared of fire and they could use it against them. They used most objects for hunting wildlife.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The brain size for this hominid is 1300 cm³ and 160

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">0cc, which is the biggest brain so far. The hominid Homo sapien is more intelligent than the ones that lived before it. These hominids actually kept themselves warm by wearing skins of animals. This is the clothing they had that they would wear to keep the cold out as much as possible. Neanderthals didn't only have clothing, they could also light fires to keep themselves warm.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Behaviour
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">It is not sure if Homo sapiens had a language that was used to communicate, but they had large brains, so there is a good chance that they had a way of speaking to each other. Paintings on the walls of caves have been found, that the Homo sapiens created. I think that they made these to show each other how they felt, or maybe at the end of the day, painted paintings about what they hunted. They may also have shown the different warriors and those who died.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Homo sapien sapiens
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Ok, this might scare you, but you and I are homo sapien sapiens. The word "homo sapien sapiens" in Latin means "wise man". We humans, or Homo sapiens sapiens, first appeared 200,000 years ago, though we reached our full behavioural modernity 50,000 years ago. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Physical
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Well, get a mirror and look at yourself! That is what a Homo sapien sapien looks like. Not that everyone looks like you because wont it be boring having only having people that look like you?. You could compare what we look like to the hominids that lived before us, we have a less pointed jaw than the Homo erectus's, our normal height is higher than the normal height of the Homo habilis's. The average height of a human adult is from 1.5 metres to 1.8 metres. A Homo sapiens sapiens physical appearance depends on height, weight, hair, shapes of body parts, etc.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Enviroment
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">The homo sapien sapiens(us) live all around the world, in proper houses not in caves.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Intelligence
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Our or homo sapien sapiens brain size is 1300 cm³. The Homo sapien is more intelligent than the homo sapien sapiens and the hominids that lived before it. These hominids actually kept themselves warm by wearing skins of animals. This is the clothing they had that they would wear to keep the cold out as much as possible. Neanderthals didn't only have clothing, they could also light fires to keep themselves warm.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Our behaviour is often influenced by values, culture, emotions and other people. We have made clothing to wear, and plenty of books and electronics to entertain ourselves with.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Use of tools
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Some important tools we use today to build things are for example cranes, and other large programmed machines. For hunting we have guns and also traps. We keep animals as pets. We have everything we need to survive, I mean our brain can come up with so many fasanating ideas, but why do some people never share their ideas? it could make this world such a better place.

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Conculsion
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">According to the Theories of human evolution, any changes in humanity have enabled us to make progress....( towards sociaty). At the beggining we started of as Australopithecinecs and now we are Homo sapien sapiens, can you imagne all the differences between now and then?. learning about this topic really makes me think about the starting of human evolution and how we changed. Now I aslo think how can it be that we changed so much? and, the homo sapien had a bigger brain than us, but why didn't THEY invent our crazy ideas?.

This is my bibliography if you want to find were I got my infomation.... <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"> <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; line-height: 0px; overflow: hidden;">